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Engineering Materials for K12
This page is reserved for online publications of research data, articles, and other documents, peer-reviewed or not, as well as any constructive criticism, comments and advice, related to the determination of K-12 age-possible topics in engineering materials, as an instrument for the implementation of the ideas explored in the vision paper titled Proposed Model for a Streamlined, Cohesive, and Optimized K-12 STEM Curriculum with a Focus on Engineering.
Research CONCLUSION
A careful analysis of the course content as revealed by the college-level textbooks used in the engineering materials course has lead to the conclusion that for all practical purposes, the overwhelming majority of all knowledge content in the selected textbooks could be taught to high school students. Thus, the research on this subject has been completed.
Original Research Data Tables
Possible Grade-Level to Introduce this Subject
High school, grade to be determined.
Complete Report
edward_k12_materials_report.pdf | |
File Size: | 412 kb |
File Type: |
Textbooks Used as Sources of Data
Two handy and easy to read textbooks for the present ...
Engineering Materials Properties and Selection, 8th Edition, written by Kenneth G. Budinski and Michael K. Budinski, 834 pages long, is intended for the selection of engineering materials, and its knowledge content is basically descriptive and informational. It is possible for a material selection course in a college technology or engineering technology program, but probably not for a science and engineering of materials course in an engineering program due to lack of vigorous inclusion of formula-based predictive and computational skills. However, before a high school level science and engineering of materials textbook with all age-possible topics involving predictive computational formulas is developed, this book could be handy for teaching high school students basic knowledge about different types of materials and their usage. In addition, this book offers a great wealth of information and numerical data, international standards, and a listing of relevant websites (pages 817-821); high school students are more capable than adults at memorizing useful facts and data which are important for their life-long careers in engineering. After a careful and thorough examination of all pages in this book, it has been concluded that the mathematics concepts and skills needed as pre-requisites are minimal; and they include [four operations], [percentage], [root], [power], [inequality], [graph], [measurement] (length, width, depth, radius, angle), [graph], [area], and [volume]. For physics and chemistry, the concepts and knowledge involved include [mass], [velocity], [force], [pressure], [impact], [energy], [periodic table], [atomic structure], [chemical symbols], [chemical equation], and [temperature]. For these topics, a short review is sufficient for understanding more in depth topics such as [stress], [strain], [friction], and others.
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Introduction to Materials and Processes, 486 pages long, is a handy textbook immediately possible for an introductory high school engineering materials course. The mathematics, physics, and chemistry concepts and skills needed for reading this book are minimal and rarely beyond a basic understanding of the concepts; very few pages contain predictive and computational formulas; approximately 80% of content in this book is descriptive and informational; and the mathematics, physics and chemistry concepts and skills involved in this textbook include [four operations], [square root], [table], [charts], [flow chart], [graph], [percentage], [measurement] (diameter, radius, angle, length, height, depth), [unit], [fraction], [pi], [force], [stress], [strain], [speed], [time], [motion], [chemical symbols], and [periodic tables]. The end of each chapter is followed by Review Questions and Suggested Activities. The book is basically descriptive and informational. Illustrated with pictures, charts and tables, this book is intended for students of engineering and technology in an introductory materials and processes course, and is easy to read. It could be used at high school level.
Supplementary online instructional materials for the near future ...The above textbook is somehow short on engineering predictive and computational skills related to material science and engineering; thus, college level science and engineering of materials, such as the ones displayed below, could be as a resource for the selection of high-school age-possible topics, and supplementary online instructional and learning materials could be developed. In addition, relevant websites and Youtube videos could be selected and used.
A "mouse-on" approach ...It is equally important for students to know how to locate materials from industry websites.
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Additional Textbooks for Further Research ...
The Science and Engineering of Materials, 6th Edition, by Donald R. Askland, Pradeep P. Fulay, Wendelin J. Wright, 900 pages long, is one of the most popular textbooks on the subject of science and engineering of materials for college undergraduate engineering programs; and it has been used in recent years in the General Engineering 151 (Materials of Engineering) course at East Los Angeles College and many other colleges and universities. After a careful and thorough examination of all pages in this popular textbook, it has been concluded that
(1) The mathematics concepts and skills needed for reading and homework assignments using formulas are mostly at pre-calculus level, including [integer], [fraction], [scientific notation], [four operations]. [inequality], [percentage], [geometric shapes and solids] (circle, square, sphere, cube, etc.), [geometric measurements] (length, height, width, radius, etc), [coordinates and axes], [power], [root], [infinity], [trigonometric functions], [exponent], [summation], [log], [natural log], [chart], and [graph]; this is affirmed by the author in the Preface stating that "A calculus course is helpful but certainly not required." (2) For some sections, such as Section 5-8 Composition Profile [Fick's Second Law] (pages 177 and 178), Section 6-2 Terminology for Mechanical Properties (page 202), Section 6-5 True Stress and True Strain (page 216), Section 7-8 Application of Fatigue Testing (pages 272-273), and Section 8-1 Relationship of Cold Working to the Stress-Strain Curve (page 295), very basic calculus skills such as [first degree partial derivative], [first degree derivative], and [first order integral] are involved; these could be treated as special topics of mathematics before the start of the relevant chapters. (3) Basic concepts and information related to chemistry are needed; but they are covered in enough details in the textbook; they include [atomic structure], [atomic bonding], [periodic table], [chemical symbol], [chemical equation], [electronic structure], and some others; thus, a prior chemistry course or its concurrent enrollment might be helpful and not an absolute pre-requisite. (4) Basic understanding of physics concepts such as [energy], [force], [impact], [stress], [strain], [temperature], [Ohm's Law], [dielectric], [conductivity], [thermal conductivity], [insulation], [electromagnetic spectrum], [refraction], [reflection], [absorption], [transmission], and [specific heat], is needed; however, the book covers these topics in sufficient details such that a prior completion of a physics course is not absolutely necessary. As a matter of fact, in the General Catalog of East Los Angeles College 2011-2013 (page 167), the only Prerequisites listed are Chemistry 101 (General Chemistry I) and Mathematics 261 (Calculus I). Approximately 60% of the topics in this textbook are descriptive and informational, without any predictive computational formulas. Therefore, this textbook is age-possible for high school students. |
Material Science and Engineering An Introduction, written by William D. Callister, Jr., and David G. Rethwisch, 944 pages long, is another one of the most popular textbooks on the subject of science and engineering of materials for college undergraduate engineering programs; and it has been used in recent years in the General Engineering 151 (Materials of Engineering) course at East Los Angeles College and many other colleges and universities. After a careful and thorough examination of all pages in this textbook, it has been concluded that
(1) The mathematics concepts and skills needed for reading and homework assignments using formulas are mostly at pre-calculus level, including [four operations], [fraction], [inequality], [percentage], [percentage], [system of units], [table], [chart], [graph], [schematics], [power] or [exponent], [root], [plane], [point], [axis], [coordinates], [trigonometric functions], [scientific notation], [geometric shapes and solids] (square, rectangle, circle, sphere, cylinder), [log], [natural log], and [summation]; this is similar to The Science and Engineering of Materials, 6th Edition, by Donald R. Askland, Pradeep P. Fulay, Wendelin J. Wright. (2) For some sections, calculus-based mathematics skills such as [first integral], [gradient], [first partial derivative], appear in the analytic and predictive formulas; and they include Section 2.5 Bonding Forces and Energies, pages 29, 5.3 Steady State Diffusion (pages 126-127), 5.4 Nonsteady-State Diffusion (pages 128 and 129), 6.3 Stress-Strain Behavior (page 157), 6.6 Tensile Properties (page 168), 8.13 Stress and Temperature Effects (pages 267 and 268), 10.3 The Kinetics of Phase Transformations (page 353), 19.2 Heat Capacity (page 782), and 19.4 Thermal Conductivity, (page 789). (3) Basic concepts and information related to chemistry are needed; but they are covered in enough details in the textbook; they include [chemical symbol], [atomic structure], [periodic table], [material state] (gas, liquid, solid), [solution], [molecular structure], [electron structure], [conductivity], [chemical equation], [phase] and [equilibrium]. (4) Basic understanding of physics concepts such as [energy], [force], [impact], [stress], [strain], [temperature], [Ohm's Law], [dielectric], [conductivity], [thermal conductivity], [insulation], [electromagnetic spectrum], [refraction], [reflection], [absorption], [transmission], and [specific heat], is needed; however, the book covers these topics in sufficient details such that a prior completion of a physics course is not absolutely necessary. Approximately 60% of the topics in this textbook are descriptive and informational, without any predictive computational formulas. Therefore, this textbook is age-possible for high school students. Treating the calculus skills as special mathematics topics, this textbook could be age-possible for high school students. |
About Calculus skills ...Calculus Early Transcendental, by Howard Anto, Irl Bivens, and Steven Davis, is one of the most popular textbooks on the subject used in many colleges and universities in the United States. It could be used for three calculus courses (calculus 1, 2 and 3, each counted as 5 semester units). It has been used at Los Angeles Trade-Technical College for many years. Although a typical Bachelor of Science degree in engineering requires 4 courses in calculus, i.e., calculus 1, 2, and 3, plus a separate differential equations course, in real-world engineering practice, only knowledge and skills from Calculus 1 and at most 2 are used on a daily basis for practical engineering design. In fact, linear algebra skills are more frequently used.
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Manufacturing Processes for Engineering Materials, 4th Edition, written by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid, 927 pages long, is one of the most popular college engineering textbook intended for university undergraduate mechanical, industrial, metallurgical, and material engineering programs. After a careful and thorough examination of all pages in this textbook, it has been concluded that:
(1) For most of the chapters, the mathematics concepts and skills required to read the text and to complete home work assignment are at pre-calculus level; and they include [four operations], [percentage], [fraction], [integer], [power], [root], [inequality], [log], [natural log], [table], [chart], [flow chart], [graph], [measurement] (length, width, depth, radius, angle), [area] (circle, rectangle, triangle, etc.), [volume] (cylinder, prism, sphere, etc.), [trigonometric functions], [geometric shapes and solids] (circle, rectangle, triangle, sphere, prism), and [summation]. (2) Only about 30 pages out of 927 pages in this textbook contain formulas requiring beginning calculus skills of [first order integral] and [first degree derivative]; and their section number, name and page numbers are 2.2.2 True stress and true strain (page 31), 2.2.3 True-stress-true-strain curve (page 34), 2.2.4 Instability in simple tension (page 36), 2.2.7 Effects of strain rate (pages 38 and 40), 2.3 Compression (page 43), 2.4 Torsion (page 47), 2.12 Work of Deformation (pages 68 and 69), 4.3 Surface texture (page 131 and 132), 6.2.1 Open-die forging (page 263), 6.2.2 Methods of analysis (page 264), 6.3.1 Mechanics of flat rolling (pages 284, 285, 289), 7.2.1 Elongation (page 339), 7.5 Stretch Forming (page 361), 7.8.1 Conventional spinning (page 363), 8.2 Mechanics of Chip Formation (page 408), 8.14 Economics of Machining (page 492), and 10.3 Thermoplastics Behavior and Properties (page 571); based on the illustration of geometric solids to be processed through spinning, calculus based formulas for surface areas and volumes might be needed, and after an examination of all pages in the Chapter 7 (Applications of the Definite Integral in Geometry, Science and Engineering, pages 442-509), in Calculus Early Transcendental, 8th Edition, it has been concluded that all of the relevant formulas for areas and volumes are based on [first order integral] only. Therefore, treating the two beginning calculus skills of [first order integral] and [first degree derivative] as special mathematics topics with a few special training sessions, this textbook could be age-possible for high school students. (3) The physics and chemistry concepts and skills needed include [force], [mass], [speed], [time], [stress]. [strain], [specific heat], [conduction] (electrical and thermal), [dielectric], and [friction], and many of them are explained in sufficient details in this textbook. (4) Approximately 75% of the content in this textbook is descriptive and informational, with little or no inclusion of mathematics-based predictive and computational formulas. This textbook offers a great wealth of do's and don'ts for appropriate design of product components. |
The research on this subject has been financed by part of a gift of US$10,000 from Mrs. Xiuyu Li, my mother and resident of the District of Gulangyu, City of Xiamen, Province of Fujian, the People's Republic of China, during my recovery from left arm injury at Athens, Georgia (2009)
本科目的研究成果由我的母亲李秀玉女士(中华人民共和国福建省厦门市鼓浪屿区居民)在我2009年在美国佐治亚州雅典市左手受伤休养期间赠送10000美元中拨款赞助
RESEARCH OUTCOMES Navigator:
(1) Engineering Foundation (Introduction to STEAM for K12, Statics for K12, Dynamics for K12, Strength of Materials for K12, Engineering Materials for K12, Statistics& Probabilities for K12, and Engineering Economics for K12);
(2) Mechanical Engineering (Mechanical Design for K12, Fluid Mechanics for K12, Aerodynamics for K12, Heat Transfer for K12, Thermodynamics for K12);
(3) Engineering Technology (CADD& Product Design for K12, Manufacturing Processes for K12, Engineering Programming for K12);
(4) Civil Engineering (Introduction to Computerized Civil Engineering Design for K12, Introduction to Global Positioning System & Land Surveying for K12, Introduction to Structural Design for K12);
(5) Electrical Engineering (Introduction to Electrical & Electronics Devices for K12, Introduction to Circuit Analysis & Simulation for K12, Introduction to Robotics & Programming for K12);
(6) Capstone Engineering Design and Research;
(7) Available K12 STEAM Learning Resources;
(8) Mathematics Pre-requisites for Undergraduate Engineering Programs;
(9) Recommended Artistic Skills for STEM Professionals.
(1) Engineering Foundation (Introduction to STEAM for K12, Statics for K12, Dynamics for K12, Strength of Materials for K12, Engineering Materials for K12, Statistics& Probabilities for K12, and Engineering Economics for K12);
(2) Mechanical Engineering (Mechanical Design for K12, Fluid Mechanics for K12, Aerodynamics for K12, Heat Transfer for K12, Thermodynamics for K12);
(3) Engineering Technology (CADD& Product Design for K12, Manufacturing Processes for K12, Engineering Programming for K12);
(4) Civil Engineering (Introduction to Computerized Civil Engineering Design for K12, Introduction to Global Positioning System & Land Surveying for K12, Introduction to Structural Design for K12);
(5) Electrical Engineering (Introduction to Electrical & Electronics Devices for K12, Introduction to Circuit Analysis & Simulation for K12, Introduction to Robotics & Programming for K12);
(6) Capstone Engineering Design and Research;
(7) Available K12 STEAM Learning Resources;
(8) Mathematics Pre-requisites for Undergraduate Engineering Programs;
(9) Recommended Artistic Skills for STEM Professionals.
Freedom and opportunities! You will have the right to a high quality K12 science, technology, engineering, arts and mathematics (STEAM) education!
¡Libertad y oportunitades! ¡Usted va a tener el derecho a una K12 educación de alta calidad en ciencia, tecnología, ingenería, artes y matematica (CTIAM)!
自由和机会!你们将拥有接受高质量的、贯穿幼儿园到中小学阶段的科学、技术、工程、艺术和数学教育的权利!
¡Libertad y oportunitades! ¡Usted va a tener el derecho a una K12 educación de alta calidad en ciencia, tecnología, ingenería, artes y matematica (CTIAM)!
自由和机会!你们将拥有接受高质量的、贯穿幼儿园到中小学阶段的科学、技术、工程、艺术和数学教育的权利!